World War 2

November 22, 2021

Urban Exploring: The Birthday Bunker

South Australia at War

World War 2 began when Nazi Germany invaded Poland on 3 September 1939.

South Australian Premier Tom Playford lobbied the federal member of munitions and the minister of munitions for government defense contracts.

Adelaide’s advanced motor vehicle industry and the facilities of the South Australian Railway Workshops made South Australia an ideal site to manufacture complex munitions equipment.

War production in South Australia

Urban Exploring The Birthday Bunker — Awesome Adelaide — A 1942 card from the papers of Audrey Symons, who worked at the factory during World War Two. (Source: State Library of SA)

Three major government facilities were built. The Hendon Ammunition Factory — built to manufacture small arms ammunition. Finsbury Munitions Factory — shell casings, cartridge cases, and fuses. The Salisbury Explosives Factory filling components with explosive powder.

Secret underground telecommunication installations like the Doomsday Bunker, the RAAF Remote Semi-Underground Bunker, and The Bomb Shelter were built around the state to aid in communication and to intercept enemy messages.

The Sleeps Hill Railway Tunnels were converted into ammunition bunkers and storage vaults for the states treasures.

Air Raid Shelters like the Prospect Air Raid Shelter and the Islington Air Raid Shelter were constructed to aid in communication and provide shelter from enemy bombardment.

Home-made bunkers like The Clarice Bunker, The Jackson Bunker, The Family Fallout Shelter and Pharaoh’s Tomb were built for individual, family and town protection from attack and radioactive fallout.

Aircraft like The McDonald’s West Lakes Party Plane were re-purposed as supply planes.

Fort Largs and Fort Glanville were built to defend the city of Adelaide against attack.

Numerous rural bunkers were built to store ammunition and fuel.

The Birthday Bunker

Since 2015 we’ve been exploring one such pre-Cold War era bunker. Long abandoned by the Australian Defence Forces, it sits out-of-sight; hidden below-ground, in rural South Australia.

Its new owner turned the bunker into a ‘man cave’ and recreation room. Complete with a stove, an oven, seating, bunk-beds and large firepit — everything required for an all-night bender.

Walls and ceiling are decorated with West End, Strongbow, and Coca-Cola signage. Artwork of Simpsons characters line the walls wishing family members ‘happy birthday’ and ‘well wishes’ on their special day.

We can only imagine the excessive alcohol consumption that has occurred here and the life long memories forged in such an impressive place…

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October 22, 2017

Urban Exploring: The Sleep’s Hill Railway Tunnels / Mushroom Tunnels

Just 8 kilometres from Adelaide, in the most attractive part of the Adelaide foothills, sit two old tunnels, which have had pasts as colourful and romantic as any ancient monument in the history of South Australia.

Sleep’s Hill Tunnels & Viaducts – An Adelaide Engineering Feat (1879 – 1914)

The building of the Adelaide-to-Melbourne railway line, of which the tunnels and 31m high viaduct were an integral part, was heralded as one of the greatest achievements of South Australia at the time.

A c1910 postcard of a locomotive atop the Viaducts with Tunnel No. 2 in the background.

The first part of the hills line to Aldgate commenced construction in 1879 and included the building of two viaducts and eight tunnels.

The Sleep’s Hill Viaducts comprised two sections, one being 92m long and 23m high, while the other was 90m long and 31m high.

The tunnels at Sleep’s Hill were constructed 5m high and 4.5m wide with sandstone arches & piers and infilled with red brick. The longest tunnel of 377m (Tunnel No. 2) sits at the brink of the viaducts, while a 193m shorter tunnel (Tunnel No. 1) sits half a kilometre to the north.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, the South Australian Railways and the Victorian Railways were extended. The Adelaide line was extended from Wolseley and connected into the Victorian system at Serviceton in 1887. It became the first inter-colonial railway link in Australia.

Most of the traffic is freight but twice a week the well-known passenger service The Overland takes passengers to and from Adelaide and Melbourne.

The line continued to give satisfactory service until ~1914 when heavier engines began to be used. It was felt that the viaduct at the mouth of tunnel No. 2 would not support the increased weight.

World War 1 — Secret Communications Transport (1914 – 1918)

During World War 1, the tunnels were used for secret communication transportation between the states. Armed military guards were posted along the railway line to thwart any sabotage attempts.

Unfortunately there are no photographs of the tunnels at this time.

Abandoned (1919 — ~1932)

After World War 1, the old line was closed and the rails removed. The last train to ever use the tunnels was on August 11, 1919.

The two tunnels at Sleep’s Hill were superseded on 16 April 1919 when a wider tunnel was built a little to the east.

The viaducts were dismantled in June 1920.

When the line became abandoned, the tunnels became an exploration area for locals. Each year thousands of hikers, picnickers, families and explorers visited the tunnels. School holidays saw children tripping through their dark interiors. Manholes, black with soot and cut at intervals along the tunnel walls were said to echo ghost sounds of 40 years of rumbling trains. (Source: The Advertiser, June 14, 1947)

“When I was a kid … I used to play in one of the Sleep’s Hill tunnels. I remember walking through the tunnel … which was scary because it was so dark…” – Wayne Rosser

Mushroom Cultivation (1932 — 1938)

In 1932 an enterprising local man leased the two tunnels from the Government. He removed masses of stone and rock from the tunnel floor and brought in tons of earth to grow mushrooms on a commercial basis.

After importing infected mushroom spawn from England, his business finally collapsed. The fungal disease Chatomium spread throughout his crops, and after spending £600 trying to eradicate it, he finally gave up, and the old tunnels were again abandoned in 1938.

World War II — Secret Storage Vault & Ammunition Bunker (1942 — 1945)

After the bombing of Darwin by the Japanese early in 1942, the South Australian Government decided to take no chances and sort a likely hiding place for the states treasures. The Sleep’s Hill Tunnels suited perfectly.

Tunnel No. 1 was cleaned and drained. Electric lights were fitted along the arched roof and ventilators installed. Thick brick walls were built at the entrances and an iron door with security bars placed at the western end.

The heavily fortified entrance to Sleep's Hill Tunnel No. 1. — The heavily fortified entrance to Sleep’s Hill Tunnel No. 1.

Under heavy security of the Defence Corps, truckloads of valuable State possessions were stacked onto specifically built jarrah platforms that ran the length of the tunnel. Newspapers dating from the first editions of South Australian journals (now out of existence), as well as valuable rare books from the Archives and Public Library were piled inside.

After having ensured the tunnel was bomb-proof, the Art Gallery of South Australia sent priceless pictures from its early South Australian collection into the tunnel.

The priceless vice-regal treasures from Government House were also included.

Elaborate precautions were taken against fire and the interior was constantly patrolled for outbreaks of damp and pests.

Tunnel No. 2 became an arsenal storage facility holding shells and ammunition. It was kept secret and heavily guarded.

Mushroom Cultivation — S.A. Mushroom Company (1965 — 1992)

Ann Spiel, using her savings and money from a land sale, purchased the faltering Panorama Mushroom Co. in December 1965, with her husband Craig, and partners Dirk & Mien Ravenstein. The Ravenstein’s walked out of the partnership at the end of 1968, and in 1969, with a new loan from the bank, Ann and Craig started a new company: S.A. Mushroom Co. Pty. Ltd.

Top: Craig Spiel and Dirk Ravenstein inspecting the mushrooms. Bottom Left: Ann Spiel picking mushrooms. Bottom Right: Mien Ravenstein extract from The Advertiser titled "Food for the Family" c.1968. (Source: Supplied) — Top: Craig Spiel and Dirk Ravenstein inspecting the mushrooms.
Bottom Left: Ann Spiel picking mushrooms.
Bottom Right: Mien Ravenstein extract from The Advertiser titled “Food for the Family” c.1968. (Source: Supplied)

During January 1966 through to 1970 it proved difficult to grow mushrooms inside the tunnels – often crops would be decimated by disease. Through innovation and refining their techniques it wasn’t until 1970 that the business became financially successful.

In 1976, a stall was opened in the Central Market to sell mushrooms directly to customers.

In 1978, Craig and Ann’s son, Ron Spiel, took over the business and he started laying the foundations for the future. Ron expanded the business and by 1982, both tunnels were filled with mushrooms producing about 1.5 tonnes per week. S.A. Mushroom Co. had now become the second largest producer in the state.

Growing mushrooms utilised horse manure and straw. It was sourced locally from horse stables on Morphett Road and from Bart Cummings‘s stables at Glenelg. Through a refinement process it was converted to a usable compost with which to spawn mushrooms.

The compost preparation area was located by the entrance to Tunnel No. 2. Homes built increasingly closer to the tunnels would often complain about the odour, particularly in the early evening when gully breezes would blow. This led to council pressuring Ron to relocate the compost production facility.

Ron successfully negotiated the purchase of land on Bains Road, Woodcroft. In 1989, he built a multi-tunneled mushroom growing facility on the site and relocated his business there.

On 21 October 1993, both of the Sleep’s Hill tunnels were State heritage listed.

Wine Storage (2002 — now)

In 2002, David Munro, a Mitcham councillor, bought the tunnels and accompanying land from TransAdelaide for his wine storage business. The constant temperature of around 17 degrees Celsius made it perfect for storing wine.

Both tunnels are now used to store wine.

Sleep's Hill Tunnels are now used for wine storage. — Sleep’s Hill Tunnels are now used for wine storage.

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September 3, 2017

Urban Exploring: The Doomsday Bunker

Women to the Rescue

During World War II thousands of Australian men were conscripted and sent overseas to fight. It left us with an extreme labour shortage. After considerable lobbying by Australian women keen to serve, and despite resistance from some members of the the War Cabinet, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) received approval to create the Women’s Auxiliary Australian Air Force (WAAAF). At the time, wireless telegraphists were urgently needed to fill the deficiency left by male wireless telegraphists.

WWII Australian WAAAF Recruiting Poster.

“The Underground”

Adelaide’s biggest and most secret communications headquarters was built underground during 1944. Commonly termed “The Underground” it was shaped in the form of a nissen hut and constructed with 30cm of reinforced concrete and is over 45 meters long by 10 meters high. It was built to withstand any kind of weaponry made by the Japanese Military at that time and doubled as an air-raid shelter / bomb shelter if needed.

Topside two iron sheds were built to disguise both entrances.

Two corrugated iron sheds concealing bunker entrances. — Two corrugated iron sheds concealing both bunker entrances, rural Adelaide. (Photo provided by WildStar c. 2014)

Inside were twelve AR7 communications receivers (among other specialised equipment) which were manned by WAAAF personnel around the clock. When it was fully operational, the women of the WAAAF processed over 43,000 signals a month.

Ladies of the WAAAF operating inside the Communications Bunker during WWII. — Ladies of the WAAAF operating inside the Communications Bunker in rural Adelaide during WWII.

Mushroom Grow Room

After the war, “The Underground” Communications Bunker was converted into a growing facility. The dark, cool, and humid environment made it perfect for growing mushrooms. One ton of mushrooms were picked each week from down inside and sold to local Adelaide markets.

Communications Bunker being used for mushroom growing post-WWII. (Photo c. 1986)

We will remember them

Approximately 27,000 women saw service in the WAAAF between March 1941 and July 1947. They proved, together with the women of the Australian Navy and Army and those who worked in munitions factories, the aircraft manufacturing industry, and on the land, that women could equally perform tasks previously undertaken solely by men.

57 WAAAF personnel died while serving during WWII.